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When the hard disk was damaged in the sector so that block is not used to store data on your system , but we can use the filesystem blocks that have (allegedly) bad. If the block is not really damaged, any data that we put there will never be touched, because the filesystem thinks it's rubbish. If the block is not really damaged, the data we put there will never be touched, because the system thinks the same garbage files. That, is exactly what we will do.

Partition must be small to contain confidential data and not to a partition larger than 100MB Agr did not arouse suspicion. Some operating systems mark blocks as bad blocks used, which means if we put inside a 100MB partition with bad blocks, the "parent" filesystem will always have at least 100MB in use. Some operating systems marks bad blocks as used blocks, which means that if we put a 100MB partition on the block bad, "parent" filesystem will always have at least 100MB in use. This could arouse Suspicion when there are not any files on it. This can lead to suspicion when there is no files in it.

I will use 256MB flash for illustrative purposes

Here's what sfdisk has to say about it: This is what sfdisk to say about this:

$ sfdisk -l /dev/sde


Disk /dev/sde: 1009 cylinders, 9 heads, 56 sectors/track
Units = cylinders of 258048 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0

evice Boot Start End #cyls #blocks Id System
/dev/sde1 0 - 0 0 0 Empty
/dev/sde2 0 - 0 0 0 Empty
/dev/sde3 0 - 0 0 0 Empty
/dev/sde4 0 - 0 0 0 Empty


We could see the flash is composed of cylinder 1009. we can make about 20MB, which is approximately 82 cylinders on this disk (see the second row sfdisk-l). Because we can not create a partition at the beginning of the disk, let us put in 214 cylinders:

$ sfdisk /dev/sde << EOF
214,82,6
EOF

Put FAT16 on it and transfer your secret data.

$ mkfs.vfat -F16 /dev/sde1
mkfs.vfat 2.11 (12 Mar 2005)

$ sfdisk /dev/sde << EOF
0,0,0
EOF

$ mkfs.vfat -F16 /dev/sde1
mkfs.vfat 2.11 (12 Mar 2005)

$ sfdisk /dev/sde << EOF
0,0,0
EOF

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If you own an iPod Touch but are a Linux user, that can be a problem since transferring songs to an iPod Touch in Linux is no easy task. Apple actually made it as difficult as possible for such a feat as syncing an iPod touch to any application other than iTunes to be performed. However, forbidden does not equate to impossible, though even if it is doable, it is not the most efficient or stable process, especially since a restore in Linux in not possible. It will also require that your device is jailbroken, meaning Apple’s firmware restrictions must have already been removed in order for you to install custom applications. The process of jailbreaking is simple and reversible, and the instructions will not be very hard to find over the Internet.

Setting up. First, set up your iPod by ensuring that it is already jailbroken. Use Installer.app to install Open SSH and the BSD Subsystem, both of which can be found under the system tab in the Install panel on Installer. Make sure that auto-lock is set to never and that you set a static IP address outside of your IP range, since you will be needing the iPod Touch’s IP to sync with Linux.

Installing software. Next and more complex, you will need to install the software on Ubuntu, though everything that you will need will be in the Ubuntu 8.04 repositories. Install GTKpod from the gtkpod-aac package, which you will use to sync your iPod touch:
sudo apt-get install gtkpod-aac
Install iPod Convenience which will automate mounting and unmounting the newest iPods:
sudo apt-get install ipod-convenience
When you are prompted for your device’s IP address and a mount point, enter the IP you set as your static IP for your iPod Touch and use the default mount point.

Syncing. Use iPod Convenience to mount the iPod Touch by running the following command:
ipod-touch-mount
Once you start GTKpod, you can already use it to sync your iPod Touch in Linux.

GTKpod will have no trouble syncing music, videos and photos, except encrypted music files like those from the iTunes Music Store or videos that are not encoded in H.264 with AAC audio and other special settings.

The process of transferring songs to an iPod Touch in Linux is rather technical and complex, but certainly very much well worth it if you have no other compatible operating system to do the syncing with. If you’re pretty new in navigating your iPod Touch and are uncomfortable to try the method however, it would be wise to ask help from one who is already experienced and/or knowledgeable in the process discussed. If you cannot find such person, you can go to your local or nearest gadgets or techie hub for professional assistance.

A couple of weeks ago, Nick tried to convince us that we should all be using Macs. But why would you want to use a Mac (or a PC) when you could have an operating system that:

• Is free
• Does not slow down after a while and limit your productivity
• Does not need extra antivirus protection besides regular updates
• Has tens of thousands of programs available for free
• Has a vigorous community who are willing to help you solve any problems you might have?

That operating system is Linux. And I think that it is high time that more bioscientists got to know Linux so I have written this article to help YOU do so.

Linux is not (just) for computer geeks

You have probably heard of Linux. And you might think that it is complicated stuff, reserved for the bioinformatics geeks down the corridor. But this is no longer true.

Since emerging from a “garage project” run by Finnish software developer Linus Torvalds, Linux has benefited from the efforts of thousands (or tens of thousands) of developers who have built it into an extremely powerful operating system with a rich collection of free software to fulfill any requirement you might have.

Best of all it is a free, open source and community supported operating system that can be run right on the computer you are using now, with no need to remove your favorite operating system (be it Windows or Mac).

And before you ask if it is any good, what do you think most of the world’s top supercomputers run: OSX, Windows or Linux? The answer is here!

Know your distros

You don’t have to go to a computer shop to get Linux. It is available for free download from various websites in the form of distributions (or “distros”).

A variety of distros are available and the differences between them are in the types of software that comes packaged with the operating system. Many are specialized for specific tasks like graphic design, sound mixing/editing or performing scientific work (e.g. calculations or DNA alignments). You can find more information about distros here.

I recommend you try Linux out and see if it is better for you than the commercial operating system you are using now. I think you will be pleasantly surprised.

But where do you start? Here’s where:

Explore the power of Linux on your current machine without changing a thing

The easiest way of exploring Linux is to pick and download a “live” CD/DVD image, which can be burned onto a CD or DVD, inserted into your drive and after a restart you’ll have a basic, fully set up and working Linux environment without any alterations made to your computer.

And don’t worry, if you remove the disc from your drive and restart the computer, your old Windows or Mac OS will boot up as normal.

For first timers I’d recommend Ubuntu because this distro is compiled to be easy and convenient to use. But if you are feeling adventurous, there are many other examples of â€?liveâ€? distros here .

But be warned the live CD/DVD approach will not show you the full power of Linux. Everything will be a bit slower because it has to be loaded and unpacked on-the-fly from a slow optical disk!

Installing Ubuntu Linux on your current machine

If you like what you see, you can then install Linux on your hard drive very easily. Here’s the official guide on how to get set up an up-to-date Ubuntu system.

For the impatient here is what you need to do:

1. Make a backup!

Whenever you are delving into the workings of your computer you should make a full backup of your hard drive. Better safe than sorry.

2. Download and start the installer
Most distros have very beginner-friendly installer, so you do not have to worry about this process at all. Ubuntu has such an installer so, again I’d recommend it for your first Linux experience.

Download the installer and burn it onto a CD or DVD. Then you will be able to start the installer by double-clicking on its desktop icon.

3. Resize your hard disk

Most likely you will set up Linux as a second operating system. In this case you’ll need to have at least 5-6 GBs of free space on your hard drive, which needs to be partitioned off from the rest of your drive. This can be easily done on-the-fly during the installation process.

A standard Ubuntu system needs at least 5-6 GBs of free space where you can create the Linux specific partition(s). It is best to have at least two partitions:

• A 5 GB ext3 partition. This should have “/” as the mount point. Don’t worry — all will become clear during the installation.

• A 1 GBÂ linux swap partition. This acts as the scratch disk, where Linux can use disk space as “virtual memory”. More information on partitioning, filesystems and mount points can be found here.

4. Choose your software

You can get all of the basics like a web browser, email clients, word processors, spreadsheets and media players by simply accepting (1 click!) the pre-selected, default set of to-be-installed packages from a huge list of available software.

If you need to have other programs on your computer than the default ones you can certainly select them in the installer as an option. As I mentioned earlier, there are a great number of bio-specific software packages out there that do great things, and they are all FREE.

There are too many to talk about here, so they will be the subject of our next article…. stay tuned!

5. If you ever need help, no problem.

If you have any problem you can even turn to the comprehensive online documentation and user forums for help. Since Linux and most of the programs built for it are open source which means that the core operating system and most of the utilities were born and brought up in a highly collaborative and open community so you should be able to find an answer to even the most difficult question.

As a reference you may want to bookmark this page: http://www.linux.org. If you like newsgroups check this list. Each distro usually has its own website where you can find documentation, help and user forums.

For Ubuntu users there is an enormous, separate site made only for user discussions. You can find it here. If you prefer books, a vast amount of literature exists on the subject, just check an online bookstore! And if you have a very specific problem (on Linux or anything else for that matter) don’t be afraid to use your favorite web search engine… it will help you a lot!

Network Time Protocol (NTP) provides algorithms and defines messages for the synchronisation of time clients to an accurate time reference. This article discusses how to configure a Linux NTP Time Server to synchronise time with an Internet based public NTP Server.

NTP server systems fall into two categories: primary reference servers and secondary reference servers. Primary reference servers use an external timing reference to provide time, such as GPS or radio clocks. Secondary reference servers synchronise with primary reference NTP servers and offer slightly reduced accuracy. Primary reference servers are designated stratum 1 servers, while secondary servers have a stratum greater than 1.

The NTP Distribution

The NTP source code is freely available from the Network Time Protocol web site. The current version available for download is 4.2.4. NTP is available for the Linux operating systems with ports available for Windows NT. Once the source code is downloaded, it should be configured, compiled and installed on the host machine. Many Linux operating systems, such as RedHat, offer NTP RPM packages.

Configuring NTP

The ‘ntp.conf’ file is main source of configuration information for a NTP server installation. Amongst other things, it contains a list of reference clocks that the installation is to synchronise. A list of NTP server references is specified with the ‘server’ configuration command thus:

server time-a.nist.gov # NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland NTP server
server time-c.timefreq.bldrdoc.gov # NIST, Boulder, Colorado NTP server

Controlling the NTP Server Daemon

Once configured, the NTP daemon can be started, stopped and restarted using the commands: ‘ntpd start’; ‘ntpd stop’ and ‘ntpd restart’. The NTP server daemon can be queried using the ‘ntpq –p’ command. The ntpq command queries the NTP server for synchronisation status and provides a list of servers with synchronisation information for each server.

NTP Access Control

Access to the NTP server can be restricted using the ‘restrict’ directive in the ntp.conf file. You can restrict all access to the NTP server with:

restrict default ignore

To only allow machines on your own network to synchronize with the server use:

restrict 192.168.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 nomodify notrap

Multiple restrict directives can be specified in the ntp.conf file to restrict access to a specified range of computers.

Authentication Options

Authentication allows a matching passwords to be specified by the NTP server and associated clients. NTP keys are stored in the ntp.keys file in the following format: Key-number M Key (The M stands for MD5 encryption), e.g.:

1 M secret
5 M RaBBit
7 M TiMeLy
10 M MYKEY

In the NTP configuration file ntp.conf, specify which of the keys specified above are trusted, i.e. are secure and you want to use. Any keys specified in the keys file but not trusted will not be used for authentication, e.g.:

trustedkey 1 7 10

The NTP server is now configured for authentication.

Client Configuration for Authentication

The client needs to be configured with similar information as the server, however, you may use a subset of the keys specified on the server. A different subset of keys can be used on different clients, e.g.:

Client A)
1 M secret
7 M TiMeLy

trustedkey 1 7

Client B)
1 M secret
5 M RaBBit
7 M TiMeLy
10 M MYKEY

trustedkey 7 10

Essentially authentication is used by the client to authenticate that the time server is who he says he is, and that no rogue server intervenes. The key is encrypted and sent to the client by the server where it is unencrypted and checked against the client keys to ensure a match.

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Apple outstripped Wall Street's expectations for the quarter ended September 30, and while the blowout quarter was mostly thanks to higher-than-expected Mac sales, the company also sold a record 7.4 million iPhones. But a lot of commentators think that the iPhone is finally going to meet its match with Droid.

Announced this weekend by Verizon in a cheeky TV commercial, the Droid is a Motorola phone running Google's Android 2.0 operating system. The advertisement notes that the Droid will do things that the iPhone won't, like take pictures in the dark and run simultaneous apps (apparently playing music in the background, as the iPhone can do, doesn't count), and touts its open development process (a head-scratcher for non-techies, but it could mean more apps than the iPhone, someday). The first preview I've seen, from Boy Genius Report, was also positive. People are excited, and for good reason--competition drives innovation, which is good for consumers.

But here's the thing: one reason for the runaway success of the iPhone--and one of the reasons why Apple still continues to sell more than 10 million iPods per quarter--is iTunes. Not so much the store, although that's an important component, but the software. Of course there are plenty of other applications out there that help you rip CDs and organize your digital music collection. And there are plenty of other sources for online music. But the real strength of iTunes is in the sync process--you plug your iPhone in, iTunes opens up automatically and recognizes it. Hit the large "Sync" button and it automatically loads your music (and video, and apps, and anything else you choose) onto it. (With some devices, depending on your settings, you don't even need to hit "Sync.") That's the simple, consumer-friendly, end-to-end experience that Apple figured out first.

Contrast that with the multi-step process required to transfer music from a Windows PC to the first Android phone that was available in the U.S., last year's G1. Amazon provided over-the-air MP3 downloads for that phone, giving it a rough equivalent to the over-the-air version of the iTunes store, but let's face it: most digital music is not purchased, but is ripped from a CD or comes from some other source (legal or not).

Verizon, Motorola, and Google haven't said much about music for the Droid. Maybe they still have a musical trick or two up their collective sleeves. But without some sort of equivalent to the iTunes desktop application, the Droid may be a great phone, but it won't be a great music phone.

Shuangs Audio Editor is a free audio editor tool. It can accurately split WAV, MP3 and WMA files, and you can also design specially good effects for audio files, such as setting volume, fading in and fading out, etc.


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Axara Video Converter - a comprehensive program specifically designed to work with video files. Converts any existing format. In addition to standard features of conversion, working with the Sony PSP, iPod, Creative, Microsoft Zune etc. You can download from YouTube.com and Video.Google.com and download directly to the iPod. And another interesting feature: due to new technology 2PassEncoding can convert DVD-movie in XviD MPEG4 standard without losing quality.
Axara Video Converter - a comprehensive program specifically designed to work with video files. Converts any existing format. In addition to standard features of conversion, working with the Sony PSP, iPod, Creative, Microsoft Zune etc. You can download from YouTube.com and Video.Google.com and download directly to the iPod. And another interesting feature: due to new technology 2PassEncoding can convert DVD-movie in XviD MPEG4 standard without losing quality.

Features:
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